Understanding
Chest Pain

Angina occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood, usually because the coronary arteries have become narrowed by plaque buildup. When the heart works harder during physical activity or emotional stress, this reduced blood flow can trigger discomfort.

Many people describe angina as pressure, tightness, squeezing or heaviness in the chest. The sensation typically affects the centre or left side of the chest and may spread to the neck, jaw, arm or back. Episodes are often triggered by exertion or strong emotions and may ease with rest.

Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking and obesity. Although angina itself is not always immediately life-threatening, it often signals underlying coronary artery disease. Without proper treatment, the condition may progress and increase the risk of a heart attack.

A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery becomes suddenly blocked, preventing blood from reaching part of the heart muscle. This blockage is commonly caused by a blood clot forming over a ruptured plaque inside the artery.

Unlike angina, heart attack symptoms usually persist and may become more intense over time. People often experience severe pressure or pain in the chest that may spread to the arms, neck, jaw or back. Shortness of breath, nausea, sweating and dizziness can also occur. Immediate medical attention is critical, as delayed treatment may result in permanent damage to the heart muscle.

Heart failure develops when the heart becomes unable to pump blood efficiently enough to meet the body’s needs. This condition often arises after years of cardiovascular strain, such as long-standing high blood pressure or previous heart attacks.

While breathlessness and fatigue are common symptoms, some individuals may also experience chest discomfort or pressure. Fluid buildup in the lungs or body may lead to swelling in the legs, reduced exercise tolerance and difficulty breathing when lying down.

Arrhythmias occur when the electrical signals controlling the heartbeat become disrupted. This can cause the heart to beat too quickly, too slowly or irregularly. Some people notice palpitations, dizziness or brief chest discomfort when the heart rhythm becomes abnormal. These episodes may occur occasionally or persist depending on the underlying cause.

Although some arrhythmias are harmless, others can interfere with effective blood circulation or increase the risk of complications such as stroke. Medical evaluation is important to determine the cause and whether treatment is required.